文献引用时切忌抄袭原文

 时间:2024-10-15 15:31:13

学术著作中不注明信息来源的行为叫做抄袭,这是一种学术不端行为,应努力避免。互联网上的信息也必须注明来源。很多情况下,较好的做法是在使用某个图表或某段文字之前获得网站所有者的同意。

方法/步骤

1、被公认为常识的事实不需注明出处,例如:AvastnumberofendemicspeciesexistsontheGalapagosIslands.但是,不被周知的信息和用来解释事实的想法需要注明出处,如:Basedonarecentstudy,theblueiguanasoftheGrandCaymanIslandsareanendangeredspecies(9).(“blueiguanasoftheGrandCaymanIslandsareanendangeredspecies”这个发现不是一个事实而是一种解释。因此,需要注明出处。)

2、试比较:Becausenitrogen(N)isanessentialcomponentofproteins,enzymes,andotherbiologicallyimportantcompounds,thenaturalcyclingofNinfreshwaterecosystemsneedstobestudiedindetail.(不需注明出处的常识性引用)//Whilelownitrogen(N)availabilitycanlimitprimaryproductivity,excessNhasbeenlinkedtoeutrophicationandhealthconcerns(19).(需要注明出处的他人研究成果)

3、Historicaleruptionsarealmostalwaysprecededandaccompaniedby“volcanicunrest,”providingearlywarningofapossibleimpendingeruption.(不需注明出处的常识性引用)//TheeruptionofMountPinatuboin1991wasprecededbyarelativelyshortprogressionofprecursoryactivitybeforeitsfull-blowneruption(22).(需要注明出处的他人研究成果)

4、学术引用中的改写可能是写作中吸收他人研究成果时用得最多的技能。改写是自己的语言表达出他人的思想,只替换原文的一两个词或只改变原句的结构不是改写而是抄袭。在科技写作中,避免抄袭的最好方法是在收集和使用信息时做到几下几点:

5、(1)记录下每一条有可能需要引用的内容,并详细记录文献来源(可借助Endnote或ReferenceManager)。(2)记笔记的时候把书合上,用自己的语言描述书中的思想。(3)如果摘抄原文,需使用引号(直接引用在科技写作中并不多见)。(4)引用时必须用自己的语言表述原文中的某些细节,并核对文献以确保和引用的表述正确无误。

6、比较以下各目愿硅囫段(例1):原文:Healthyolderadultsoftenexperiencemilddeclineinso罪焐芡拂meareasofcognition.Themostprominentcognitivedeficitsofnormalagingincludeforgetfulness,vulnerabilitytodistractionandothertypesofinterference,aswellasimpairmentsinmulti-taskingandmentalflexibility.Thesecognitivefunctionsarethedomainoftheprefrontalcortex,themosthighlyevolvedpartofthehumanbrain.Prefrontalcorticalcognitiveabilitiesbegintoweakeneveninmiddleage,andareespeciallyimpairedwhenwearestressed.Understandinghowtheprefrontalcortexchangeswithageisatoppriorityforrescuingthememoryandattentionfunctionsweneedtosurviveinourfast-paced,complexculture.构成抄袭的段落:Inhealthyolderadultsoftensomeareas’ofcognitiondecline.Themostnoticeablecognitivedeclinesofnormalagingincludeforgetfulness,vulnerabilitytodistraction,andproblemsinmulti-tasking.Thesecognitivetasksarelocalizedintheprefrontalcortex,whichisthemosthighlyevolvedportionofthebrain.Alreadyinmiddleageprefrontalcorticalcognitivefunctionsstarttodecrease.Suchfunctionsarealsoparticularlyaffectedduringanytypeofstress.Studyingmemoryandattentionisimportanttounderstandhowtheprefrontalcortexchangeswithage.Itisparticularlyimportanttounderstandthesechangesinourcurrentfast-pacedlifestyle.(作者只改动了原文的几个词和短语,或改变了原句的顺序;并且未注明任何思想或事实的出处。)

7、改写后的段落:Arecentstudyshowsthattheproce衡痕贤伎ssofagingisaccompanied惺绅寨瞀byadeclineincognitiveabilities,deficitsincognitiveabilities,deficitsinworkingmemory,andcompromisedintegrityofneuralcircuitryinthebrain(3).Impairmentsintheseexecutiveoperationscompromisetheregulationofthought,emotion,andbehavior,andultimatelyjeopardizeindependenceandqualityoflife.Elucidatingmechanismsunderlyingthedeclineofneuralcircuitryiscriticalforthetreatmentofdebilitatingcognitivedeficits,suchasthosefoundintheelderly.(作者用自己的语言准确地转述了原文的信息,并且告知读者信息的来源。)

Office公式编辑器怎么用? 如何在WORD文档中画出下弧形箭头? wps2016怎么输入角标? 在word中如何设置页眉的边框线样式 WORD文档中怎么设置全文首行缩进?
热门搜索
苹果6plus图片 制作图片的软件 坑爹图片 大蒜的图片 好看的动漫电影